Ezras Noshim - the Women's courtyard

This courtyard contained a balcony reserved for women - hence its name - the women's courtyard.

Chambers were built in the Four Corners of this courtyard for various temple needs:

Lishkas Hanezirim - Chamber of the Nazarites.

Lishkas Ha'eitzim - Chamber of the Wood.

Lishkas Hametzora'im - Chamber of the Metzorah's

Lishkas Hashemanim - Chamber of Oils
(Click on the respective chambers for more info.)

A Story:
During the Holiday of Succot, the simchas Beis Hasho'eivah (Rejoicing of the Water Drawing Ceremony) was held in this courtyard.

Originally, the women assembled in the courtyard and the men danced and sang outside, beyond the Cheil.

Since the women were unable to have a good view from inside the Womens' Courtyard, they would pass beyond the doors into the area. The mingling of men and women during a sacred celebration is not permitted; therefore, to remedy the situation, balconies were erected to provide a viewing area for the women.

The fact that the Holy Temple had a separate section for women is the origin of the women's section or gallery in a synagogue.

Also see:
The Four Lamps - used to illuminate the courtyard on festive occasions.
The Nikanor Gates - and its adjacent chambers.